QOJ.ac

QOJ

Límite de tiempo: 1 s Límite de memoria: 512 MB Puntuación total: 100

#12169. Totoro

Estadísticas

“Tonari no To to ro Totoro, To to ro Totoro”

Totoro has $K$ permutations $p_1, \dots, p_K$ of length $N$.

Let $S$ be the set of all permutations that can be obtained by composing a finite number of permutations $p_i$. The composition of two permutations $\pi$ and $\tau$ at position $i$ has the element $\pi(\tau(i))$. For example, the composition of permutations $\pi = (1, 3, 2)$ and $\tau = (2, 3, 1)$ is equal to $\pi \circ \tau = (3, 2, 1)$. It is allowed to compose the same permutations multiple times.

It is clear that $S$ is a finite set, as it is contained in the set of all permutations of length $N$.

We are interested in the average number of inversions of permutations in the set $S$. The number of inversions $\mathcal{I}(\pi)$ of a permutation $\pi$ is equal to the number of ordered pairs of numbers $1 \le i < j \le N$ for which $\pi(i) > \pi(j)$.

Formally, we are interested in $\frac{1}{|S|} \sum_{\pi \in S} \mathcal{I}(\pi)$. It can be proven that the answer can be written as an irreducible fraction $\frac{A}{B}$, where $B$ is not divisible by $10^9 + 7$. Output $A \cdot B^{-1}$ modulo $10^9 + 7$, i.e., the number $X$ such that $0 \le X < 10^9 + 7$ and $X \cdot B \equiv A \pmod{10^9 + 7}$.

Input

The first line contains natural numbers $K$ and $N$ from the problem description.

In the $i$-th of the following $K$ lines, there is a permutation $p_i$, represented as a sequence of $N$ distinct numbers from $1$ to $N$, separated by spaces.

Output

In a single line, output the answer modulo $10^9 + 7$.

Subtasks

Subtask Points Constraints
1 7 $1 \le K \le 10, 1 \le N \le 9$
2 8 $K = 1, 1 \le N \le 2500$, the permutation is a cycle.
3 25 $K = 1, 1 \le N \le 2500$
4 60 $1 \le K \le 10, 1 \le N \le 2500$

Note: A permutation is a cycle if the numbers $1, 2, \dots, n$ can be ordered into a sequence $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ such that $p(a_1) = a_2, p(a_2) = a_3, \dots, p(a_n) = a_1$.

Examples

Input 1

1 3
2 3 1

Output 1

333333337

Note 1

Note that $S = \{(2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3)\}$. The first permutation has two inversions, the second also has two inversions, and the last one is the identity and has no inversions. Therefore, the average number of inversions is $\frac{4}{3}$, which corresponds to the printed number modulo $10^9 + 7$.

Input 2

2 5
4 2 1 3 5
2 5 4 3 1

Output 2

5

Note 2

It can be verified that $S$ is equal to the set of all permutations of the set $\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\}$, i.e., by composing the given permutations, it is possible to obtain all other permutations.

Input 3

1 9
3 4 5 6 7 8 1 9 2

Output 3

300000017

Note 3

In this example, $|S| = 20$, and the answer is equal to the fraction $\frac{149}{10}$ modulo $10^9 + 7$.

Discussions

About Discussions

The discussion section is only for posting: General Discussions (problem-solving strategies, alternative approaches), and Off-topic conversations.

This is NOT for reporting issues! If you want to report bugs or errors, please use the Issues section below.

Open Discussions 0
No discussions in this category.

Issues

About Issues

If you find any issues with the problem (statement, scoring, time/memory limits, test cases, etc.), you may submit an issue here. A problem moderator will review your issue.

Guidelines:

  1. This is not a place to publish discussions, editorials, or requests to debug your code. Issues are only visible to you and problem moderators.
  2. Do not submit duplicated issues.
  3. Issues must be filed in English or Chinese only.
Active Issues 0
No issues in this category.
Closed/Resolved Issues 0
No issues in this category.